Mollie Orshansky, the economist mentioned in the conversation between Sam and Bernice Collette from the Office of Management and Budget, was a real economist and statistician who worked as a social science research analyst for the Social Security Administration from 1958 until her retirement in 1982.
Both President Bartlet and Bruno say someone could sell "like anything." The president says it about the fake car sales champion Phil Baharnd, Bruno says it about P.T. Barnum.
The remark Bruno (Ron Silver) makes about white salmon ("guaranteed to not turn pink") is a reference to an urban legend about attempting to sell something unmarketable.
When Leo is filling Josh in about the boy shooter in Georgia, he mentions he was found in Rome. Josh responds by asking, "In Italy?" to which Leo says "Of course," like it was a stupid question. However, there is actually a Rome, Georgia which would have been the much more logical Rome for a criminal fugitive from Georgia to be found in. There is also a Rome, New York, Rome, Illinois, and 12 other US municipalities of the same name.
When the Butterball hotline operator recognizes President Bartlet's voice, he thinks fast and makes up that he sounds familiar because he "does radio commercials for... products" (instead of the real reason, which is that he is the president). Martin Sheen, who plays Bartlet, has actually done many radio voice-overs for products such as Midas Auto Shops and causes such as Catholics for Working Families. He is also a frequent guest performer on the radio variety program "A Prairie Home Companion."