The Cigarette-Smoking Man's line "Anyone who can appease a man's conscience can take his freedom away" is taken from Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov." Also the fast food restaurant is called "Brothers K."
During a conversation with Teena Mulder, Cancer Man claims he was a better water skier than her husband William Mulder. Actor William B. Davis is indeed a former national champion water skier.
Talitha is an uncommon feminine name meaning "little girl" in Aramaic. The episode title is a reference to the Biblical story in the Gospel of Mark 5:41. Jesus Christ was said to have resurrected a dead child with the words "Talitha cumi" (or "Talitha kum" or "Talitha koum") meaning "Little girl, I say to you, arise!"