The Hebrew word "Emet" means Truth. The Hebrew word "Met" means Dead.
"Abba", which Ziva shouts in the temple, is a Hebrew term of endearment for one's father. It is a more intimate term than Av, the normal one for "father".
Sarai Givaty (Liat) is one of the very few Mossad who is actually Israeli. The others actors playing members of Mossad are predominantly British or American.
This and its predecessor, "Enemies Foreign (2010)", are references to the oath taken by members of the military to defend the Constitution. "Enemies Foreign and Domestic (2002)" was the first of four episodes of The West Wing (1999) in which Mark Harmon appeared, and it was his commanding performance as a Secret Service agent that led to Harmon's casting on "NCIS". Michael O'Neill, who plays former NCIS Special Agent Riley McCallister in this and the previous episode, played Secret Service agent Ron Butterfield in several episodes of The West Wing over its seven-season run.
The synagogue scene appears to have been filmed in the same synagogue used in The West Wing S1. E. 14 "Take This Sabbath Day."